In India, 69% of the population lives in rural areas, and 55% of the total workforce is engaged in agriculture (Census of India, 2011). Women account for 37% of this agricultural workforce, playing a major role in agricultural production. The agriculture sector contributes 12% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) (Government of India, 2016). Despite its declining share in the nation’s GDP, it remains the backbone of the Indian economy, since it is the major source of food and livelihood security for the vast majority of the country’s rural poor, women and men alike. The government of India, recognising the importance of this sector to the livelihood security of millions of people, developed various programmes to strengthen the sector. The initiative to ‘double farmers’ income’ (Chand, 2017) underlines its commitment to make farming a viable livelihood option. Agricultural performance and growth are imperative to ensure food and livelihood security. In consequence, any assessment of this security calls for an in-depth analysis of the vulnerability of the agriculture sector as such. Climate change predictions of extreme events – such as those regarding frequency and intensity of droughts, floods, and erratic rains – are expected to have a great impact on agriculture as also on the food and livelihood security of millions of resource-poor rural populations (World Bank, 2012; IPCC, 2023). A vulnerability assessment of the agricultural sector will give insights into the capacity of agricultural systems to adapt to climate change. It is widely recognised that climate change has differential impacts on countries, regions, and even sectors and geographies. Also, sectors vary widely in their degree of vulnerability to climate change. It is further recognised that ‘even within regions [. . .] impacts, adaptive capacity and vulnerability will vary’ (IPCC, 2001, p. 15). The differential impacts are mainly because changes in climatic patterns are not evenly distributed across geographies. India has a wide range of climatic conditions, from the Himalayan winters to the tropical climate of the southern peninsula. The 28 states and 8 union territories in the country and the 707 districts within the states fall under different agroecological and agroclimatic regions (Gajbhiye & Mandal, 2000). They also have very different natural resource endowments and are at different levels of socio-economic development. They are bound to experience a disproportionate impact on the food and livelihood security of their populations. Their ability to cope with climate vulnerabilities also differs widely. Household vulnerability is largely an outcome and consequence of macro- (country-level) and meso- (state- and district-level) vulnerability. Understanding macro- and meso-vulnerability at the national, state, and district levels is key to designing development and adaptation plans. Climate change adaptation plans in India should consider the regional and state-level differences in impacts and coping capacities. A sound strategic adaptation plan needs to be based on a disaggregated and detailed analysis of vulnerabilities across the states with sensitivity to spatial scale. This chapter is an attempt to have a meso-level disaggregated vulnerability analysis for the state of Maharashtra. The analysis has been carried out across all its districts.